Sri Caitanya Caritamrta Adi-lila Chapter 7 Verse 106

SYNONYMS

prabhu kahe — the Lord began to speak; vedānta-sūtra — the philosophy of Vedanta-sūtra; īśvara-vacana — spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; vyāsa-rūpe — in the form of Vyāsadeva; kaila — He has made; yāhā — whatever; śrī-nārāyana — the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

TRANSLATION

The Lord said, "Vedānta philosophy consists of words spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead Nārāyana in the form of Vyāsadeva.

PURPORT

The Vedānta-sūtra, which consists of aphorisms revealing the method of understanding Vedic knowledge, is the concise form of all Vedic knowledge. It begins with the words athāto brahma jijñāsā: "Now is the time to inquire about the Absolute Truth." The human form of life is especially meant for this purpose, and therefore the Vedānta-sūtra very concisely explains the human mission. This is confirmed by the words of the Vāyu and Skanda Purānas, which define a sūtra as follows:

alpāksharam asandigdham sāra-vat viśvato-mukham

astobham anavadyam ca sūtram sūtra-vido viduh

"A sūtra is a compilation of aphorisms that expresses the essence of all knowledge in a minimum of words. It must be universally applicable and faultless in its linguistic presentation." Anyone familiar with such sūtras must be aware of the Vedānta-sūtra, which is well known among scholars by the following additional names: (1) Brahma-sūtra, (2) Śārīraka, (3) Vyāsa-sūtra, (4) Bādarāyana-sūtra, (5) Uttara-mīmāmsā and (6) Vedānta-darśana.

There are four chapters (adhyāyas) in the Vedānta-sūtra, and there are four divisions (pādas) in each chapter. Therefore the Vedānta-sūtra may be referred to as shodaśa-pāda, or sixteen divisions of aphorisms. The theme of each and every division is fully described in terms of five different subject matters (adhikaranas), which are technically called pratijñā, hetu, udāharana, upanaya and nigamana. Every theme must necessarily be explained with reference to pratijñā, or a solemn declaration of the purpose of the treatise. The solemn declaration given in the beginning of the Vedānta-sūtra is athāto brahma jijñāsā, which indicates that this book was written with the solemn declaration to inquire about the Absolute Truth. Similarly, reasons must be expressed (hetu), examples must be given in terms of various facts (udāharana), the theme must gradually be brought nearer for understanding (upanaya), and finally it must be supported by authoritative quotations from the Vedic śāstras (nigamana).

According to the great dictionary compiler Hemacandra, also known as Koshakāra, Vedānta refers to the purport of the Upanishads and the Brāhmana portion of the Vedas. Professor Apte, in his dictionary, describes the Brāhmana portion of the Vedas as that portion which states the rules for employment of hymns at various sacrifices and gives detailed explanations of their origin, sometimes with lengthy illustrations in the form of legends and stories. It is distinct from the mantra portion of the Vedas. Hemacandra says that the supplement of the Vedas is called the Vedānta-sūtra. Veda means knowledge, and anta means the end. In other words, proper understanding of the ultimate purpose of the Vedas is called Vedānta knowledge. Such knowledge, as given in the aphorisms of the Vedānta-sūtra, must be supported by the Upanishads.

According to learned scholars, there are three different sources of knowledge, which are called prasthāna-traya. According to these scholars, Vedānta is one of such sources, for it presents Vedic knowledge on the basis of logic and sound arguments. In the Bhagavad-gītā (13.5) the Lord says, brahma-sūtra-padaiś caiva hetumadbhir viniścitaih: "Understanding of the ultimate goal of life is ascertained in the Brahma-sūtra by legitimate logic and argument concerning cause and effect." Therefore the Vedānta-sūtra is known as nyāya-prasthāna, the Upanishads are known as śruti-prasthāna, and the Gītā, Mahābhārata and Purānas are known as smriti-prasthāna. All scientific knowledge of transcendence must be supported by śruti, smriti and a sound logical basis.

It is said that both the Vedic knowledge and the supplement of the Vedas called the Sātvata-pañcarātra emanated from the breathing of Nārāyana, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The Vedānta-sūtra aphorisms were compiled by Śrīla Vyāsadeva, a powerful incarnation of Śrī Nārāyana, although it is sometimes said that they were compiled by a great sage named Apāntaratamā. The Pañcarātra and Vedānta-sūtra, however, express the same opinions. Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu therefore confirms that there is no difference in opinion between the two, and He declares that because the Vedānta-sūtra was compiled by Śrīla Vyāsadeva, it may be understood to have emanated from the breathing of Śrī Nārāyana. Śrīla Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī Thākura comments that while Vyāsadeva was compiling the Vedānta-sūtra, seven of his great saintly contemporaries were also engaged in similar work. These saints were Ātreya Rishi, Āśmarathya, Audulomi, Kārshnājini, Kāśakritsna, Jaimini and Bādarī. In addition, it is stated that Pārāśarī and Karmandī-bhikshu also discussed the Vedānta-sūtra aphorisms before Vyāsadeva.

As mentioned above, the Vedānta-sūtra consists of four chapters. The first two chapters discuss the relationship of the living entity with the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is known as sambandha-jñāna, or knowledge of the relationship. The third chapter describes how one can act in his relationship with the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is called abhidheya-jñāna. The relationship of the living entity with the Supreme Lord is described by Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu: jīvera 'svarūpa' haya krishnera 'nitya-dāsa' [Cc. Madhya 20.108]. "The living entity is an eternal servant of Krishna, the Supreme God." (Cc. Madhya 20.108) Therefore, to act in that relationship one must perform sādhana-bhakti, or the prescribed duties of service to the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is called abhidheya-jñāna. The fourth chapter describes the result of such devotional service (prayojana-jñāna). This ultimate goal of life is to go back home, back to Godhead. The words anāvrittih śabdāt in the Vedānta-sūtra indicate this ultimate goal.

Śrīla Vyāsadeva, a powerful incarnation of Nārāyana, compiled the Vedānta-sūtra, and in order to protect it from unauthorized commentaries, he personally composed Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam on the instruction of his spiritual master, Nārada Muni, as the original commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra. Besides Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, there are commentaries on the Vedānta-sūtra composed by all the major Vaishnava ācāryas, and in each of them devotional service to the Lord is described very explicitly. Only those who follow Śańkara's commentary have described the Vedānta-sūtra in an impersonal way, without reference to vishnu-bhakti, or devotional service to the Lord, Vishnu. Generally people very much appreciate this Śārīraka-bhāshya, or impersonal description of the Vedānta-sūtra, but all commentaries that are devoid of devotional service to Lord Vishnu must be considered to differ in purpose from the original Vedānta-sūtra. In other words, Lord Caitanya definitely confirmed that the commentaries, or bhāshyas, written by the Vaishnava ācāryas on the basis of devotional service to Lord Vishnu, and not the Śārīraka-bhāshya of Śańkarācārya, give the actual explanation of the Vedānta-sūtra.

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